{"id":2497,"date":"2024-06-10T18:40:20","date_gmt":"2024-06-10T17:40:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/popastro-com.stackstaging.com\/lunar\/?page_id=2497"},"modified":"2024-06-10T18:40:22","modified_gmt":"2024-06-10T17:40:22","slug":"wrinkles-and-meanders","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/wrinkles-and-meanders\/","title":{"rendered":"Wrinkles and Meanders"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><!-- WP Menubar 5.9.4: start menu moonwatch, template Suckerfish_45, CSS sf-blue.css -->\n\r\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\r\n\/\/ <![CDATA[\r\n\twpm1_Hover = function() {\r\n\tvar wpmEls = document.getElementById(\"wpm1\").getElementsByTagName(\"li\");\r\n\tfor (var i=0; i<wpmEls.length; i++) {\r\n\t\twpmEls[i].onmouseover = function() {\r\n\t\t\tthis.className += \" wpmhover\";\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\twpmEls[i].onmouseout = function() {\r\n\t\t\tthis.className = this.className.replace(new RegExp(\" wpmhover\\\\b\"), \"\");\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n}\r\nif (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent(\"onload\", wpm1_Hover);\r\n\/\/ ]]>\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"sf-blue-before\"><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"wpm1\" class=\"sf-blue\">\r\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/\" >Home<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/observing\/\" >Observing<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/observing\/moon-lighting\/\" >Moon Lighting<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/observing\/how-much-can-you-see\/\" >How much can you see?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/observing\/seas-and-mountains\/\" >Seas and mountains<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/observing\/binos-and-telescopes\/\" >Binoculars and telescopes<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/observing\/drawing-the-moon\/\" >Drawing the Moon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/observing\/getting-to-know\/\" >Getting to know the Moon<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/exploration\/\" >Exploration<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/exploration\/landings-timeline\/\" >Landings and Timeline<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/exploration\/apollo-to-the-moon\/\" >Apollo to the Moon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/exploration\/meeting-challenge\/\" >Meeting the Challenge<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/exploration\/driving-and-hills\/\" >Driving to the Hills<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/exploration\/apollo-timeline\/\" >Apollo Timeline<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/\" >Geology<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/how-it-formed\/\" >How The Moon Formed<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/moon-rocks-quakes\/\" >Moon Rocks and Quakes<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/what-its-made-of\/\" >What the Moon is Made Of<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/lunar-gardening\/\" >Lunar Gardening and Craters<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/wrinkles-and-meanders\/\" >Wrinkles and Meanders<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/vital-moon\/\" >The Vital Moon<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/art-and-culture\/\" >Art and Culture<\/a><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/art-and-culture\/moon-paintings\/\" >The Moon in Paintings<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/art-and-culture\/moon-stamps\/\" >The Moon in Stamps<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/moon-trivia\/\" >Moon Trivia<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"sf-blue-after\"><\/div>\r\n<!-- WP Menubar 5.9.4: end menu moonwatch, template Suckerfish_45, CSS sf-blue.css -->\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Use the sub-menu above to navigate this section of the website.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"219\" height=\"220\" src=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/06\/as15-97-13254-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2499 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/06\/as15-97-13254-3.jpg 219w, https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/06\/as15-97-13254-3-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/06\/as15-97-13254-3-100x100.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 219px) 100vw, 219px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Ageing wrinkles<\/strong><br>Like us, the Moon also has wrinkles, in the form of \u201cwrinkle ridges\u201d, low sinuous ridges formed on the maria that can extend for several hundred kilometres. They are most likely formed when the part of the Moon\u2019s surface was compressed as the mare lava cooled and contracted as it sunk into the interior of the basin, scrunching up at the surface and buckling into ridges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Volcanic domes<\/strong><br>Volcanic domes are small swellings of relatively low relief, typically found in or near the maria. They have summit pit features like some volcanoes on the Earth, and are formed from a much stickier lava than that responsible for the mare. Marius Hills, located in Oceanus Procellarum, is the largest group of volcanic cones and domes on the Moon; over one hundred domes are surrounded by twenty or so long sinuous lava channels.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><strong>We all have faults<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Alpine Valley<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Evidence for faulting appears all over the lunar surface. A fault is a rock fracture which shows evidence of movement compared to surrounding rock surfaces. They are usually a result of differential motion of two rock faces, and are usually the locations for earthquakes on Earth. On the Moon, one particularly prominent fault feature is the 180 kilometre long Alpine Valley, which connects Mare Imbrium to Mare Frigoris. The sequence of events here probably began with a set of two parallel faults that cut right across the mountain range as a result of crustal tension. Further tension probably forced the area bounded by the faults to sink down considerably below the level of the mountain tops. Then, the valley floor was flooded with lavas which flowed from the maria. Finally, a smaller rille appeared in the centre, again due to tension.<\/p>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"181\" height=\"220\" src=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/06\/lo5_m102.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2500 size-full\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Meandering Channels<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"194\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/06\/as15-87-11718.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2501 size-full\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lunar rilles and channels are associated with volcanic activity, acting as a transport system for huge volumes of flowing lava. The most famous rille is Hadley Rille, which marks the landing site of Apollo 15. Hadley Rille is a giant channel over 120 kilometres long, up to 1500 metres across and over 300 metres deep in some places. Most other lunar rilles are much smaller, enabling them to support a roof of solidified lava while hotter lava flows through the resulting \u201ctube\u201d. In some areas of the Moon there is evidence for collapsed lava tubes where impact craters have busted through the fragile surface.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(The Hadley Rille)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lunar rilles come in various shapes and forms: sinuous rilles, like Hadley Rille, meander in a curved path like a river, arcuate rilles form sweeping arcs on the surface and are generally found on the edges of the lunar maria, and straight rilles follow long linear paths which extend for hundreds of kilometers, and are related to tectonic features where sections of the crust have sunk between two parallel faults.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Magnetic Swirls<\/strong><br>These unusual and unexplained patterns of high and low albedo units, with no relief, are the subject of much controversy, with many conflicting ideas of their origin. Reiner Gamma is the infamous near side example, which spans a distance of 70 kilometres to the west of the crater Reiner in Oceanus Procellarum. It is not even certain if these features are associated with a magnetic field, although some scientists believe that the lunar crust was temporarily magnetised at the time of an impact event, \u201cfreezing in\u201d the magnetic field. Or perhaps there is something buried underneath the surface producing this surface effect, although that begins to sound a lot like the Monolith featured in 2001: Space Odyssey!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"974\" height=\"28\" src=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/06\/moon_guide_bottom.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2255\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/06\/moon_guide_bottom.jpg 974w, https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/06\/moon_guide_bottom-300x9.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/06\/moon_guide_bottom-768x22.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/06\/moon_guide_bottom-600x17.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 974px) 100vw, 974px\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Use the sub-menu above to navigate this section of the website. Ageing wrinklesLike us, the Moon also has wrinkles, in the form of \u201cwrinkle ridges\u201d, low sinuous ridges formed on the maria that can extend for several hundred kilometres. They<a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/wrinkles-and-meanders\/\"><span>Read more<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":2246,"parent":2356,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2497","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Use the sub-menu above to navigate this section of the website. Ageing wrinklesLike us, the Moon also has wrinkles, in the form of \u201cwrinkle ridges\u201d, low sinuous ridges formed on the maria that can extend for several hundred kilometres. They are most likely formed when the part of the Moon\u2019s surface was compressed as the\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/wrinkles-and-meanders\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.0.1\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Lunar Section - Astronomy for everyone\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Wrinkles and Meanders - Lunar Section\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Use the sub-menu above to navigate this section of the website. Ageing wrinklesLike us, the Moon also has wrinkles, in the form of \u201cwrinkle ridges\u201d, low sinuous ridges formed on the maria that can extend for several hundred kilometres. They are most likely formed when the part of the Moon\u2019s surface was compressed as the\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/wrinkles-and-meanders\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-06-10T17:40:20+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-06-10T17:40:22+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Wrinkles and Meanders - Lunar Section\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Use the sub-menu above to navigate this section of the website. 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Ageing wrinklesLike us, the Moon also has wrinkles, in the form of \u201cwrinkle ridges\u201d, low sinuous ridges formed on the maria that can extend for several hundred kilometres. They are most likely formed when the part of the Moon\u2019s surface was compressed as the","inLanguage":"en-GB","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/wrinkles-and-meanders\/#breadcrumblist"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2024\/06\/as15-97-1325_A.jpg","@id":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/wrinkles-and-meanders\/#mainImage","width":565,"height":275,"caption":"Oceanus Procellarum. Crater Naumann to the lower right. Lichtenberg B to lower left. Naumann G to the extreme lower left.  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They are most likely formed when the part of the Moon\u2019s surface was compressed as the","og:url":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/wrinkles-and-meanders\/","article:published_time":"2024-06-10T17:40:20+00:00","article:modified_time":"2024-06-10T17:40:22+00:00","twitter:card":"summary_large_image","twitter:title":"Wrinkles and Meanders - Lunar Section","twitter:description":"Use the sub-menu above to navigate this section of the website. Ageing wrinklesLike us, the Moon also has wrinkles, in the form of \u201cwrinkle ridges\u201d, low sinuous ridges formed on the maria that can extend for several hundred kilometres. They are most likely formed when the part of the Moon\u2019s surface was compressed as the"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"2497","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":{"focus":{"keyphrase":"","score":0,"analysis":{"keyphraseInTitle":{"score":0,"maxScore":9,"error":1}}},"additional":[]},"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":"","og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"WebPage","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":"default","schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":"-1","robots_max_videopreview":"-1","robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":"default","local_seo":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"ai":null,"created":"2024-06-10 17:34:18","updated":"2025-06-04 03:09:01","seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"aioseo_breadcrumb":"<div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u00bb<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/\" title=\"About the Moon\">About the Moon<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u00bb<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/\" title=\"Geology\">Geology<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u00bb<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\tWrinkles and Meanders\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>","aioseo_breadcrumb_json":[{"label":"Home","link":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar"},{"label":"About the Moon","link":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/"},{"label":"Geology","link":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/"},{"label":"Wrinkles and Meanders","link":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/moonwatch\/lunar-geology\/wrinkles-and-meanders\/"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2497","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2497"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2497\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2502,"href":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2497\/revisions\/2502"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2356"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2246"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2497"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2497"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.popastro.com\/lunar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2497"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}